The Virus Diaries

In this episode, we're breaking down how bird flu has spilled over from wild birds into dairy cow herds, impacting the milk we drink. Join me, Caroline Zeiss, as we explore why this is happening, how we could control it, and what it tells us about the increased risk of bird flu spreading to humans. "The VirusDiaries" is written and recorded by me in Guilford, CT. I’m a Professor of Comparative Medicine at Yale University School of Medicine. Just to be clear, all views expressed in this podcast are mine and do not reflect those of Yale University.ReferencesCurrentnewshttps://abcnews.go.com/Health/bird-flu-continuing-spread-animals-us/story?id=121481973B3.13avian flu in dairy cows CasertaLC et al., Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairycattle. Nature. 2024 Oct;634(8034):669-676.Dholakia,V et al., Polymerase mutations underlie early adaptation of H5N1 influenzavirus to dairy cattle and other mammals. bioRxiv 2025.01.06.631435; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.01.06.631435Ting-HuiLin et al., A single mutation in bovine influenza H5N1 hemagglutinin switchesspecificity to human receptors.Science386,1128-1134(2024).Baker,A.L., Arruda, B., Palmer, M.V. et al. Dairy cows inoculated with highlypathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1. Nature 637, 913–920 (2025).Halwe,N.J., Cool, K., Breithaupt, A. et al. H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b dynamics inexperimentally infected calves and cows. Nature 637, 903–912 (2025).FacciuoloA, et al., Dairy cows develop protective immunity against reinfection withbovine H5N1 influenza virus. Nat Microbiol. 2025 Apr 17. doi:10.1038/s41564-025-01998-6. D1.1avian flu in dairy cows https://www.aphis.usda.gov/sites/default/files/dairy-cattle-hpai-tech-brief.pdfhttps://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2025/m0106-h5-birdflu-death.html Vaccinationin dairy cows https://www.science.org/content/article/companies-start-work-bird-flu-vaccines-cows-despite-major-hurdleshttps://www.nmpf.org/nmpf-pushes-for-vaccine-as-usda-unveils-bird-flu-plan-dairy-cattle/https://www.nmpf.org/dairy-groups-applaud-administration-vaccine-support-thank-usda-for-plan/https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/time-act-new-bird-flu-spillovershttps://www.cdfa.ca.gov/AHFSS/Animal_Health/HPAI.htmlWastewatertestingTiszaMJ, Hanson BM, Clark JR, Wang L, Payne K, Ross MC, Mena KD, Gitter A, JavornikCregeen SJ, Cormier J, Avadhanula V, Terwilliger A, Balliew J, Wu F, Rios J,Deegan J, Piedra PA, Petrosino JF, Boerwinkle E, Maresso AW. Sequencing-BasedDetection of Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Wastewater in Ten Cities. N EnglJ Med. 2024 Sep 26;391(12):1157-1159.Government funding to control H5N1https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/jan/15/biden-administration-bird-flu-fundinghttps://public3.pagefreezer.com/browse/HHS.gov/21-01-2025T07:38/https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2025/01/03/hhs-awards-306-million-avian-flu-monitoring-and-preparedness-funding.htmlhttps://www.usda.gov/about-usda/news/press-releases/2025/02/26/usda-invests-1-billion-combat-avian-flu-and-reduce-egg-priceshttps://www.aphis.usda.gov/news/agency-announcements/usda-announces-next-steps-effort-support-fight-against-avian-influenza

In January, egg prices reached an all-time high. And are predicted to rise by over 40% in 2025.This is in part attributed to a "man-made crisis" caused by culling millions of chickens when bird flu appears in a flock. In this episode we look at why culling is practiced, how it affects the production of eggs, and the USDA's new plan to control the virus and bring down egg pricesSources referenced in this episodehttps://www.usatoday.com/story/money/food/2025/02/26/egg-prices-to-rise-2025-usda/80452571007/https://www.foxnews.com/video/6368903426112https://www.forbes.com/sites/mollybohannon/2025/03/06/elon-musk-says-biden-ordered-insane-slaughter-of-150-million-chickens-but-culls-are-usda-policy-to-stop-bird-flu-spread/https://www.avma.org/news/cat-deaths-linked-bird-flu-contaminated-raw-pet-food-sparking-voluntary-recall https://www.wsj.com/opinion/agriculture-secretary-brooke-rollins-my-plan-to-lower-egg-prices-6be0f881https://www.science.org/content/article/u-s-conditionally-approves-vaccine-protect-poultry-avian-fluhttps://www.nationalchickencouncil.org/bipartisan-bicameral-members-of-congress-seek-assurances-for-chicken-exports-as-part-of-bird-flu-strategy/https://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/RPT2_2502_EconomicCostEggs.pdf