Universe University

Shortly after the first US Moon landing, the Soviet Union placed the first space station in low Earth orbit. While the United States responded with their own "Skylab" station later, the Russian "Salyut" stations would soon surpass them. As the Cold War drew to an end, the massive Soviet "MIR" station would eventually become an international hub for cooperation in outer space. But along the way, many space station crews would face a life and death battle to keep the station in orbit... EDITED BY: Jilyana Solis REFERENCES: "Off the Planet: Surviving Five Perilous Months Aboard the Space Station MIR" by Jerry Linenger "The Forgetten Rescue of the Salyut 7 Space Station" ASTRONOMY.com, by Doug Adler October 23, 2020 MUSIC: "Shores of Avalon" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Nonstop" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Lost Time" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Perspectives" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Air" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 1: A Beginning" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Crypto" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Pepper's Theme" Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

In the 1920s, the work of the brilliant astronomer Edwin Hubble revealed the universe was expanding. But it was a Belgian preist named Georges Lemaitre who concieved of the idea that the universe began in the distant past. Today, we call this idea the big bang theory. SEE CHRIS GRANT SPEAK IN PERSON: https://www.eventbrite.com/e/chris-grant-at-the-chehalis-flying-saucer-party-tickets-1429748649699?aff=ebdsoporgprofile EDITED BY: Jilyana Solis REFERENCES: 'Lonely Hearts of the Cosmos' by Dennis Overbye 'Hubble, Humason, and the Big Bang: The Race to Uncover the Expanding Universe' by Ron Voller 'The Preist who Proved Einstein Wrong' by Marcelo Gleiser BigThink.com MUSIC: "Nonstop" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Heavy Heart" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/License "Ossuary 1: A Begining" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/License "Thunder Dreams" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/License

Are UFOs a worthy subject for scientific study? Is it really possible - or likely - that the Earth is currently being visited by extraterrestrials from other planets? On this controversial issue, how does one separate truth from fiction, myth from reality, and hoaxes from fact? In a series of congressional hearings, at least one high ranking member of the American intelligence community has claimed that multiple crashed UFOs with alien creatures on board have been recovered in the United States. This claim is not new. A famous announcement about a crashed flying saucer was made in Roswell, New Mexico in 1947. But is there any truth to this account? The subject of UFOs - both historically and in the present day - is worthy of cauatious, skeptical, and objective consideration. EDITED BY: Jilyana Solis REFERENCES: 'The Edge of Reality' by J. Allen Hynek and Jacques Vallee 'Are UFOs a National Security Risk? Hearing puts Pentagon on Notice' by Ellen Mitchell, The Hill.com 'In Search of: UFO Coverups', Alan Landsburg Productions 'The Close Encounters Man: How One Man Made the World Believe in UFOs' by Mark O'Connell MUSIC: "Shores of Avalon" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Nonstop" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Walz of the Carnies" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 6 - Air" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 1: A Begining" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Dr. Brent D. Ziarnick serves as an assistant professor at the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base. He is also author of ‘To Rule the Skies: General Thomas S. Power and the Rise of Strategic Air Command in the Cold War’. In this episode, he discusses the birth of the U.S. Space Force along with the military and economic implications of future space exploration and expansion. "Slow Burn" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Outer space is the ultimate strategic high ground for the world's great powers. This is true for both spy satellites and ballistic missiles. During the Cold War, President Ronald Reagan proposed the creation of a technologically advanced, space-based defensive weapon system known as S.D.I.. But critics of the proposal dubbed it 'Star Wars' and said it would trigger a new arms race with the Soviet Union. What historical lessons can be learned from this episode in history? REFERENCES: "Adolf Hitler's Plot to Bomb New York" By David Robinson https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/368490/Adolf-Hitler-s-plot-to-bomb-New-York "The 1983 Military Drill that Nearly Sparked Nuclear War with the Soviets" by Francine Uenuma https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-1983-military-drill-that-nearly-sparked-nuclear-war-with-the-soviets-180979980/ "Strategic Defense Initiative" State.gov https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/rd/104253.htm MUSIC: "Nonstop" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 6 - Air" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Shores of Avalon" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Perspectives" Kevin MacLeod (incomptech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

The renowned and deeply insightful Andrew Chaikin joins the After Talk to share his views on space exploration along with his experiences interviewing the Apollo astronauts. Chaikin is the author of 'A Man on the Moon', 'Voices from the Moon', and 'A Passion for Mars'. MUSIC: "Slow Burn" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Nearly half a century before the space age began in earnest, a few brilliant visionaries had the courage to look beyond their own time and see humanity’s future. From Russia to the United States, a few brilliant minds transformed science fiction into science fact, giving birth to the space age. REFERENCES: ‘The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers’ by George M. Young ‘The Case for Space: How the Revolution in Spaceflight Opens Up a Future of Limitless Possibility’ by Robert Zubrin MUSIC: "Ossuary 1 - A begining" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ “Tenebrous Brothers Carnival: Act Two” Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Infinite Perspective" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Perspectives" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Host and producer discuss the future of space travel and manned missions to Mars. If you would like to make a contribution to the program, click this link: https://www.patreon.com/universeuniversity?fbclid=IwAR0GJjAwa3C1f8KKxDi7aeGVEO-Ou3dL10vmf1kQHjssQu5eEgmCkyNFMgw MUSIC: "Slow Burn" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ REFERENCES: "The Case for Space" By Robert Zubrin PhD "Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-Scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism" By Robert Zubrin PhD "Elon Musk: Telsa, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future" by Ashlee Vance

In the late 1940s, the United States military began to take an interest in reports of unidentified flying objects or U.F.O.s which included multiple projects designed to investigate and evaluate the sightings. Despite the fact that many UFO sightings were cases of mistaken identity that could easily be explained away, a minority of them proved extremely perplexing to the U.S. government, leading some high level officials to consider the possibility that the Earth was being visited by extraterrestrials... and at the center of it all, there was one astronomer named J. Allen Hynek who struggled to bring his scientific expertise to bear on the mystery. If you would like to make a contribution to the program, click this link: https://www.patreon.com/universeuniversity?fbclid=IwAR0GJjAwa3C1f8KKxDi7aeGVEO-Ou3dL10vmf1kQHjssQu5eEgmCkyNFMgw REFERENCES: *'The UFO Phenomenon' * by George Constable, Time Life Books Inc. 'The Close Encounters Man: How One Man Made the World Believe in UFOs' by Mark O'Connell 'Area 51: An Uncensored History of America's Top Secret Military Base' by Annie Jacobsen 'Glowing Auras and 'Black Money': The Pentagon's Mysterious U.F.O. Program', New York Times by Helene Cooper, Ralph Blumbenthal, and Leslie Kean *'Maj. Gen. John A. Samford's Statement on "Flying Saucers" *(7/31/1952) U.S. National Archives 'Two Pilots Saw a UFO. Why Did the Air Force Destroy the Report?', History.com by Greg Daugherty MUSIC: "Shores of Avalon" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 1: A Begining" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Perspectives" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Tenebroud Brothers Carnival: Act Two" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Waltz of the Carnies" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Thunderbird" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Discovered by an American farm boy in his early 20s, Pluto has captivated us for quite some time... but astronomers would later discover many other strange worlds within the outer boundaries of the solar system. And the mere existence of these worlds led to one of the greatest controveries in the history of astronomy. *PHOTO CAPTION: * Pluto's mountain range (11,000 foot elevation) at sunset. *REFERENCES: * *"Out of Darkness: The Planet Pluto" * Clyde Tombaugh *"How I Killed Pluto and Why it Had it Coming" * Michael E. Brown *MUSIC: * "Nonstop" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Shores of Avalon" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Perspectives" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Americana" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Tenebrous Brothers Carnival - Act Two" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Infinite Perspective" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Young entrepreneur Elon Musk founded SpaceX in 2002 with the hopes of building his own rockets and sending human beings to Mars. In the 21st century alone, we have seen startling revelations about the red planet. But Musk would soon find out that rocketry is a tedious and difficult business. Today, he has plans to send human beings to Mars... but just making the journey there, let alone landing on its surface, could prove to be the greatest challenge humanity has ever faced. For listener questions and comments, email us here: show@universeuniversity.space *REFERENCES: * "The Case for Mars: The Plan to Settle the Red Planet and Why We Must " by Robert Zubrin "Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future" By Ashlee Vance *MUSIC: * "Nonstop" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Ossuary 1 - A Begining" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Perspectives" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Thunder Dreams" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Crypto" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ "Infinite Perspective" Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/