CARTA: The Costs of Big Brains with Alex Pollen

From University of California Video Podcasts (Video) by UCTV

April 15, 2026 · 17 min

About this episode

Alex Pollen discusses the tradeoffs and costs associated with the evolution of large human brains.

Human brain expansion is often discussed in terms of the genetic and molecular innovations that drove uniquely human cognitive abilities. Yet evolution is fundamentally a process of tradeoffs. Disproportionate expansion of forebrain structures increases the demands placed on long-range connectivity, metabolism, and cellular maintenance, imposing costs that scale with brain size. Alex Pollen, associate professor of neurology at UC San Francisco, discusses using stem-cell-derived brain organoids to investigate the development of human-specific connectivity differences in dopaminergic neurons and to test whether these cells deploy compensatory mechanisms to cope with the metabolic and structural demands of large brains. His research findings support a model in which human brain evolution involves not only mechanisms driving greater computational capacity, but also the emergence of cellular adaptations that mitigate the costs of large, highly connected brains. Series: "CARTA - Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny" [Science] [Show ID: 41357]

People in this episode

Guest: Alex Pollen

Topics covered

human brain evolution
cognitive abilities
stem-cell-derived brain organoids
dopaminergic neurons
metabolic demands

Keywords

brain size
connectivity
cellular adaptations
evolutionary tradeoffs

CARTA: The Costs of Big Brains with Alex Pollen

About this episode

People in this episode

Topics covered

Keywords

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