ZOE Science & Nutrition

We all want to eat healthier. The Paleo diet promises exactly that: eat like our ancestors, avoid modern foods, and improve your health. But does it really support your gut, heart and long-term health, or is the story more complicated? In this episode, Dr James Cole, a world-leading expert on prehistoric diets, joins Dr Federica Amati to explore what Paleo gets right and why some of the claims may be dangerously wrong. James explains what ancient evidence tells us about human diets, why the modern-day Paleo diet may go too far in its restrictions, and what that might mean for your heart disease risk and gut health. By the end of the episode, you’ll have ideas on what principles to keep from the Paleo diet, and what rules to avoid. Could trying to eat as our ancestors did force you to cut foods your body actually needs? Before you give up grains, beans or dairy, it may be worth asking what ancient humans really ate. 🌱 Try our science-backed and tasty wholefood supplement Daily30 🌿Let your gut microbes snack on the ZOE Gut Health Bar Get our brand-new app and Gut Health Test designed by world-leading gut health and nutrition scientists to build healthy eating habits 👉 Join ZOE Follow ZOE on Instagram. Timecodes 00:00 Intro 04:39 What does Paleolithic actually mean? 09:14 How scientists know what ancient humans ate 10:01 What ancient teeth reveal about diet 11:25 Why there was no single Paleo diet 13:16 The myth that ancient humans just ate meat 15:38 Why humans evolved to eat many foods 17:14 Why the human gut got smaller 22:13 How fire changed the human diet 24:02 Were ancient humans cooking plants? 25:51 What modern eating has lost 27:45 Did Paleolithic humans practise cannibalism? 30:37 Should we copy everything our ancestors ate? 32:56 What is the modern Paleo diet? 34:32 What the Paleo diet gets right 37:00 Did our ancestors eat meat every day? 38:18 Why Paleo cuts grains, dairy and beans 39:30 Are lectins in beans really dangerous? 41:27 Why modern Paleo may be based on shaky science 42:20 Is the Paleo diet healthy long term? 44:45 What a healthier Paleo diet would look like 46:17 The processed meat and cancer risk trap 48:37 Is grass-fed beef really better? 50:10 Should you fast like your ancestors? 52:10 How to cut ultra-processed foods without Paleo 56:20 What to eat instead of strict Paleo 📚Books by our ZOE Scientists The Food For Life Cookbook Every Body Should Know This by Dr Federica Amati The Appetite Reset by Dr Federica Amati Food For Life by Prof. Tim Spector Ferment by Prof. Tim Spector Good Mood Food (preorder) by Prof. Tim Spector Free resources from ZOE The Smart Snacking Guide: How to feed your gut, fuel your day, and snack without guilt The Hormone Harmony Guide: Tuning Your Body’s Internal Orchestra   Eating for Better Brain Health: Your brain-gut blueprint How to eat in 2026 - Discover ZOE’s 8 nutrition principles for long-term health Live Healthier: Top 10 Tips From ZOE Science & Nutrition Gut Guide - For a Healthier Microbiome in Weeks  Better Breakfast Guide Mentioned in today's episode The Paleolithic diet and chronic disease risk, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (2026) Long-term Paleolithic diet is associated with increased serum TMAO concentrations, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition Evidence for mitigation of dental caries by Neanderthals, PLOS One (2026) Evidence for the diets of Neanderthals and early modern humans, PNAS (2009) Long-term effects of a Palaeolithic-type diet, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2014) The Big IF Study: What did we find? The Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis, International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2018) Have feedback or a topic you'd like us to cover? Let us know here. Episode transcripts are available here.

Can food improve brain health, memory and mood? In this episode, Prof Felice Jacka and Prof Tim Spector explore how diet, the gut microbiome and fermented foods may affect your mood, brain function and dementia risk. Drawing on clinical trials and research involving more than 10 million people, they explain why what you eat could have a much bigger impact on your brain than most people realise, and what the latest science suggests you can do about it. Felice, who helped create the field of nutritional psychiatry, explains how food influences the brain through the gut microbiome and inflammation. She and Tim explore why some foods change brain function, which support brain health, what the evidence says about ultra-processed foods, and why diet is becoming an increasingly important part of research on brain and mental health. Learn which foods to eat more often, which foods to reduce, and simple, affordable ways to build meals that support your gut, mood and long-term brain health. From whole grains and legumes to fermented foods and everyday supermarket and grocery store choices, by the end of the episode, you’ll have realistic advice that’s easy to put into practice today. If the food you eat today helps shape your brain tomorrow, what small change could make the biggest difference over the next year? 🌱 Try our science-backed and tasty wholefood supplement Daily30 🌿Let your gut microbes snack on the ZOE Gut Health Bar Get our brand-new app and Gut Health Test designed by world-leading gut health and nutrition scientists to build healthy eating habits 👉 Join ZOE Follow ZOE on Instagram. Timecodes 00:00 Intro 03:10 Why beans may boost mood more than cake 07:35 Can diet reduce your risk of depression? 10:10 Can changing your diet put depression into remission? 12:45 How does the gut microbiome affect the brain? 16:04 Can gut microbes transfer depression symptoms? 17:55 What gut bacteria are missing in mental illness? 20:16 Is food the most powerful tool for brain health? 22:11 The yogurt study that surprised neuroscientists 25:35 Can fermented foods help grow the hippocampus? 28:18 Why fermented foods may improve mood and energy 30:16 The gut-brain connection explained simply 31:13 How diet during pregnancy affects brain development 37:52 Are depression, anxiety and dementia connected? 39:27 What are ultra-processed foods really doing to your brain? 39:55 The major study linking ultra-processed foods to disease 42:31 Are some ultra-processed foods healthier than others? 43:44 Real food vs meal replacements: what happens to your microbiome? 48:29 The ingredient Felice Jacka tries to avoid 50:16 Do supplements improve brain health? 52:23 The best foods for brain health and mental health 53:37 How to eat for brain health on a budget 55:40 The simplest brain health advice you’ll hear today 58:40 The complete brain health and gut health checklist 📚Books by our ZOE Scientists The Food For Life Cookbook Every Body Should Know This by Dr Federica Amati The Appetite Reset by Dr Federica Amati Food For Life by Prof. Tim Spector Ferment by Prof. Tim Spector Good Mood Food (preorder) by Prof. Tim Spector Free resources from ZOE The Smart Snacking Guide: How to feed your gut, fuel your day, and snack without guilt The Hormone Harmony Guide: Tuning Your Body’s Internal Orchestra Eating for Better Brain Health: Your brain-gut blueprint How to eat in 2026 - Discover ZOE’s 8 nutrition principles for long-term health Live Healthier: Top 10 Tips From ZOE Science & Nutrition Gut Guide - For a Healthier Microbiome in Weeks Better Breakfast Guide Mentioned in today's episode The 'SMILES' trial, BMC Medicine (2017) Mood Disorders: The Gut Bacteriome and Beyond, Biological Psychiatry (2024) ZOE study: Fermented food improves mood, energy, and hunger Effects of a probiotic fermented dairy product on the brain, Gut microbiota (2025) Associations between diet quality and depressed mood in adolescents, ANZJP (2010) Ultra-processed food exposure and adverse health outcomes, BMJ (2024) Global Burden of Disease, The Lancet (2026) Folic acid, ageing, depression, and dementia, BMJ (2002) Transplantation of gut microbiota derived from patients with schizophrenia induces schizophrenia-like behaviors, Nature (2024) Have feedback or a topic you'd like us to cover? Let us know here. Episode transcripts are available here.

How quickly can you improve your gut health? Can diet help lower your risk of dementia? And what should you know about food labels and healthy weight loss? In this special live Q&A, Prof Tim Spector, Prof Sarah Berry and Dr Federica Amati answer your biggest nutrition questions and share practical, evidence-based advice you can use today. Drawing on decades of research and data from hundreds of thousands of people, they explain how diet can influence the gut microbiome, brain health, hunger, energy levels and long-term health. They discuss dementia risk, healthy snacking, intermittent fasting, ultra-processed foods, plant diversity, breakfast, food labels and the latest science on weight loss. You’ll learn how quickly the gut microbiome may respond to dietary change, why some foods keep you fuller for longer, how to build a healthier breakfast, and simple ways to make better food choices. The team also explain why small dietary changes can have lasting benefits. If your daily food choices influence your gut health, brain health and future wellbeing, which change is worth making first? 🌱 Try our science-backed and tasty wholefood supplement Daily30 🌿Let your gut microbes snack on the ZOE Gut Health Bar Get our brand-new app and Gut Health Test designed by world-leading gut health and nutrition scientists to build healthy eating habits 👉 Join ZOE Follow ZOE on Instagram. Timecodes 00:00 Intro 01:56 The first ever live ZOE podcast 09:14 How long does it really take to improve your gut microbiome? 12:56 Can you feel healthier before your gut microbiome changes? 14:15 Which foods should you always buy organic? 16:33 Are oats actually healthy? 18:36 The overnight oats trick that may improve blood sugar 19:28 Resistant starch: the hidden nutrient most people miss 21:32 Always hungry at 3pm? Sarah’s evidence-backed fix 27:17 The food industry trick that makes you eat more 29:44 Why ultra-processed foods leave you hungry 30:50 Does chewing more food really help you lose weight? 33:23 What does gut health have to do with depression and anxiety? 37:45 Is your gut controlling your brain? 39:34 Are fermented foods the most underrated brain-health food? 41:46 Starting Ozempic or Wegovy? Do this first 42:40 What do GLP-1 drugs do to your gut microbiome? 45:20 Tim Spector’s plan to fix Britain’s health crisis 47:55 Why governments still aren’t acting on ultra-processed foods 50:50 Have US food guidelines changed—and is the UK falling behind? 53:08 Is intermittent fasting safe for women? 56:15 What’s the healthiest breakfast to break a fast? 58:20 The science breakthroughs that could change nutrition forever 📚Books by our ZOE Scientists The Food For Life Cookbook Every Body Should Know This by Dr Federica Amati The Appetite Reset by Dr Federica Amati Food For Life by Prof. Tim Spector Ferment by Prof. Tim Spector Good Mood Food (preorder) by Prof. Tim Spector Free resources from ZOE The Smart Snacking Guide: How to feed your gut, fuel your day, and snack without guilt The Hormone Harmony Guide: Tuning Your Body’s Internal Orchestra Eating for Better Brain Health: Your brain-gut blueprint How to eat in 2026 - Discover ZOE’s 8 nutrition principles for long-term health Live Healthier: Top 10 Tips From ZOE Science & Nutrition Gut Guide - For a Healthier Microbiome in Weeks Better Breakfast Guide Mentioned in today's episode Daily Sampling Reveals Personalized Diet-Microbiome Associations in Humans, Cell Host & Microbe (2019) ZOE’s PREDICT studies: What we’ve learned ZOE snacking study: What should you do? The Big IF Study: What did we find? Diet and Dementia, Neurology (2024) Daily30: Does it work? Have feedback or a topic you'd like us to cover? Let us know here. Episode transcripts are available here.

Ozempic, Wegovy and Mounjaro can help people lose weight. But what should you eat on GLP-1 drugs to avoid side effects, protect muscle, and maintain results long term? In this episode, Dr Federica Amati, ZOE’s Head Nutritionist and author of The Appetite Reset, explains how these drugs work, why many people struggle with side effects, and why losing weight does not automatically mean better health. You’ll learn why the weight lost may not be fat, why nutrient deficiencies, dehydration and muscle loss can become a risk, and what to eat before, during and after treatment. Federica shares four practical principles to help reduce side effects, protect lean mass, improve diet quality and support long-term health whether you stay on these medications or eventually stop taking them. Millions of people are now using GLP-1 drugs. But if these medications reduce appetite so effectively, how do you make sure your body still gets the nutrients it needs? 🌱 Try our science-backed and tasty wholefood supplement Daily30 🌿Let your gut microbes snack on the ZOE Gut Health Bar Get our brand-new app and Gut Health Test designed by world-leading gut health and nutrition scientists to build healthy eating habits 👉 Join ZOE Follow ZOE on Instagram. Timecodes 00:00 Intro 03:23 What Ozempic actually does inside your body 06:00 Are Ozempic and Mounjaro really miracle drugs? 10:53 Ozempic vs Wegovy vs Mounjaro: what’s the difference? 11:40 The step almost everyone skips before starting GLP-1s 13:16 Why do some people get worse Ozempic side effects? 15:20 The surprising brain effect changing people’s lives 18:20 The appetite system most people never learn about 21:25 How fibre helps your body make more GLP-1 naturally 24:24 Why ultra-processed foods never keep you full 27:20 Why staying a healthy weight is harder than ever 30:11 The hidden risk nobody mentions when losing weight 32:11 The 4 rules to protect muscle, bones and brain health 34:24 The side effect that can make life feel less enjoyable 35:26 What happens if you stay on Ozempic but never change your diet? 38:16 Can Ozempic cause malnutrition? Warning signs to know 39:35 Why some people suddenly stop craving junk food 41:15 What should you eat before starting Ozempic? 42:50 What should you eat while taking Ozempic? 44:01 Why meal timing matters more than you think 46:25 The eating mistake that triggers nausea and vomiting 47:18 The best protein foods for GLP-1 users 49:15 Can Ozempic cause muscle loss? The protein myth explained 51:40 What should you eat when coming off Ozempic? 53:15 Why some people keep the weight off for years 57:45 Why do most people quit Ozempic within a year? 📚Books by our ZOE Scientists The Food For Life Cookbook Every Body Should Know This by Dr Federica Amati The Appetite Reset by Dr Federica Amati Food For Life by Prof. Tim Spector Ferment by Prof. Tim Spector Good Mood Food (preorder) by Prof. Tim Spector Free resources from ZOE The Hormone Harmony Guide: Tuning Your Body’s Internal Orchestra Eating for Better Brain Health: Your brain-gut blueprint How to eat in 2026 - Discover ZOE’s 8 nutrition principles for long-term health Live Healthier: Top 10 Tips From ZOE Science & Nutrition Gut Guide - For a Healthier Microbiome in Weeks Better Breakfast Guide Mentioned in today's episode The Appetite Reset by Dr Federica Amati GLP-1 Discontinuation Among Patients, Diabetes and Endocrinology (2024) How much protein do you need? ZOE’s new guide Managing Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in Patients Treated with GLP-1s, Journal of Clinical Medicine (2022) Neurological complications following GLP-1 use, BMC Neurology (2025) Have feedback or a topic you'd like us to cover? Let us know here. Episode transcripts are available here.