Best Self Improvement Podcasts 2026: Ranked by Real Chart Data
Updated September 2026 · Based on CastFox data covering 24 Apple Podcasts chart snapshots in 78 countries (2026-02-24 to 2026-09-08) and 5M+ indexed podcasts
Most rankings of the best self improvement podcasts 2026 are somebody's shortlist. This one is built from CastFox's Apple Podcasts chart data: all 20 shows below held a place in the US Self-Improvement top 100 in every one of the 24 chart snapshots we took between February 24 and September 8, 2026, out of 287 different shows that passed through that chart in the same window, and they are ranked by how consistently they charted, how high they averaged, and how many of the 78 countries we track they reached.
The category has stopped being one thing. Five formats now share this chart: solo hosts working through one problem an episode (The Mel Robbins Podcast, SOLVED with Mark Manson), listener-question advice shows (IMO with Michelle Obama and Craig Robinson, The Sabrina Zohar Show), long-form interviews about performance and change (The Rich Roll Podcast, Good Life Project), practical how-to (Life Kit, Clutterbug), and a growing block of shows about reinvention after something goes wrong (Becoming UnDone with Dr. Toby Brooks, The Tamsen Show). Only 32 shows in the entire category held a top 100 place in all 24 snapshots, and 68 shows appeared exactly once, which is how volatile the middle of this chart is.
Reach and rank pull apart here more than in any category we have written up. Some shows on this list charted in almost every country we track, while others held a near-permanent top 5 US position with an audience in three or four countries. Both are on the list, and each card tells you which is which: the cover art, the publisher, what the show is, why it earned its place, who it is best for, and the chart record, meaning how many of the 24 US snapshots it appeared in, its average US rank, and how many countries it charted in on the latest scrape.
The 20 best self-improvement podcasts of 2026 at a glance
| # | Podcast | Hosted by | Avg US rank | Best rank | Countries charting | Episodes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The Mel Robbins Podcast | Mel Robbins | 2 | #2 | 78 | 388 |
| 2 | IMO with Michelle Obama and Craig Robinson | Higher Ground | 5 | #4 | 69 | 88 |
| 3 | How to Be a Better Human | TED | 11.3 | #5 | 65 | 248 |
| 4 | The Rich Roll Podcast | Rich Roll | 11.8 | #5 | 64 | 985 |
| 5 | anything goes with emma chamberlain | emma chamberlain | 21.8 | #14 | 73 | 446 |
| 6 | The Jefferson Fisher Podcast | Civility Media | 12.5 | #7 | 61 | 89 |
| 7 | Life Kit | NPR | 11.3 | #7 | 59 | 1,000 |
| 8 | SOLVED with Mark Manson | Mark Manson | 39.4 | #18 | 65 | 99 |
| 9 | Good Life Project | Jonathan Fields / Acast | 15.8 | #8 | 29 | 1,000 |
| 10 | Mick Unplugged | Realm | 1 | #1 | 4 | 274 |
| 11 | The Sabrina Zohar Show | The Sabrina Zohar Show | 27.3 | #19 | 35 | 199 |
| 12 | The Jamie Kern Lima Show | Jamie Kern Lima | 3.1 | #3 | 5 | 99 |
| 13 | THE ED MYLETT SHOW | Ed Mylett | 18.9 | #14 | 22 | 665 |
| 14 | Aware and Aggravated | Aware and Aggravated | 34.9 | #17 | 40 | 200 |
| 15 | Makes Sense - with Dr. JC Doornick | Dr. JC Doornick "The Dragon" | 7.3 | #4 | 5 | 163 |
| 16 | Becoming UnDone® with Dr. Toby Brooks | Toby Brooks | 6.2 | #4 | 3 | 155 |
| 17 | Clutterbug - Real-Life Hacks and Tips to Declutter, Organize and Clean your Home Fast | Clutterbug | 27.8 | #16 | 24 | 323 |
| 18 | Living Your Legacy | Rudy Mawer | 11.5 | #5 | 3 | 126 |
| 19 | The Tamsen Show | Tamsen Fadal | 35 | #17 | 30 | 72 |
| 20 | Women Road Warriors | WomenRoadWarriors.com | 12.3 | #7 | 3 | 227 |
Jump to a Show
- #1. The Mel Robbins Podcast
- #2. IMO with Michelle Obama and Craig Robinson
- #3. How to Be a Better Human
- #4. The Rich Roll Podcast
- #5. anything goes with emma chamberlain
- #6. The Jefferson Fisher Podcast
- #7. Life Kit
- #8. SOLVED with Mark Manson
- #9. Good Life Project
- #10. Mick Unplugged
- #11. The Sabrina Zohar Show
- #12. The Jamie Kern Lima Show
- #13. THE ED MYLETT SHOW
- #14. Aware and Aggravated
- #15. Makes Sense - with Dr. JC Doornick
- #16. Becoming UnDone® with Dr. Toby Brooks
- #17. Clutterbug - Real-Life Hacks and Tips to Declutter, Organize and Clean your Home Fast
- #18. Living Your Legacy
- #19. The Tamsen Show
- #20. Women Road Warriors
Rising this month · How we ranked these · How to pick the right show · FAQ
The 20 Best Self-Improvement Podcasts to Listen To in 2026
Mindset and Motivation
#1. The Mel Robbins Podcast
Hosted by Mel Robbins
About this show: Mel Robbins, the author of The 5 Second Rule, takes one problem per episode and works through it with research-backed advice and personal stories, across 388 episodes. SiriusXM distributes the show and sells an ad-free version through Podcasts+.
Why it made the list in 2026: It charts in more countries than anything else in this category and never left the US top 100 all year, which is unusual for a show that runs on a single host's voice rather than a guest list. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 2, best #2, charting in 78 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Anyone who wants one concrete thing to change this week rather than a philosophy to agree with.
#10. Mick Unplugged
Hosted by Realm
About this show: Mick Hunt pushes listeners past their why to what he calls their because, the core motivation underneath a goal, with practical advice and guest stories aimed at leaders and founders. 274 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: It sits at the very top of the daily US chart more often than anything else in this category, though its audience is concentrated in a handful of countries rather than spread worldwide. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 1, best #1, charting in 4 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Leaders and business owners who want their motivation with a leadership frame around it.
#12. The Jamie Kern Lima Show
Hosted by Jamie Kern Lima
About this show: Jamie Kern Lima, the founder of IT Cosmetics, hosts a show about self-doubt, self-worth and learning to believe you are enough, with faith and entrepreneurship threaded through it. 99 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: One of the highest daily-ranked shows in the category with an audience that is almost entirely domestic, which is what a US book and speaking audience looks like on a chart. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 3.1, best #3, charting in 5 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Listeners working on self-belief and self-worth rather than on tactics.
#13. THE ED MYLETT SHOW
Hosted by Ed Mylett
About this show: Ed Mylett interviews peak performers from business, sport, politics, science and entertainment about how they got there and what they do daily. 665 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: The longest-running of the peak-performance interview shows on this list and the clearest example of the format the motivational end of this category is built on. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 18.9, best #14, charting in 22 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: People who get moving from other people's stories rather than from instructions.
#14. Aware and Aggravated
Hosted by Aware and Aggravated
About this show: The show publishes no description on Apple Podcasts, so we will not guess at what it covers. It is filed under Self-Improvement and Health and the feed runs to 200 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: It held a place in every US snapshot we took this year, which very few shows in this category manage without a publisher or a book behind them. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 34.9, best #17, charting in 40 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Listeners willing to sample an episode and judge it for themselves.
Habits, Productivity and Practical How-To
#3. How to Be a Better Human
Hosted by TED
About this show: Chris Duffy talks each week with TED speakers and other guests and pulls one clear takeaway out of every conversation, covering work, home and what goes on in your head. 248 episodes, built out of TED's Ideas blog series of the same name.
Why it made the list in 2026: TED's editorial standard applied to self-improvement, which keeps episodes short, sourced and free of the filler this category is known for. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 11.3, best #5, charting in 65 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: People who want ideas with evidence behind them rather than a pep talk.
#7. Life Kit
Hosted by NPR
About this show: NPR's how-to show. Host Marielle Segarra takes one question, from sleep to saving money to parenting, and puts an expert on it. The feed is past 1,000 episodes, and NPR sells a Life Kit+ tier with sponsor-free listening.
Why it made the list in 2026: The widest subject range in the category, because it is built as a reference library rather than around a personality. That also makes it the show most people keep in the feed for years. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 11.3, best #7, charting in 59 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: People who want a 15-minute answer to a specific problem and then to get on with it.
#8. SOLVED with Mark Manson
Hosted by Mark Manson
About this show: Mark Manson, the author of The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck, picks a problem each Wednesday and works through what the research actually says about it. 99 episodes so far.
Why it made the list in 2026: Manson's whole pitch is evidence over affirmation and the show keeps that discipline, which makes it the counterweight to the motivational end of this list. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 39.4, best #18, charting in 65 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Readers who liked the books and want the same skepticism applied one problem at a time.
#17. Clutterbug - Real-Life Hacks and Tips to Declutter, Organize and Clean your Home Fast
Hosted by Clutterbug
About this show: Cas, host of HGTV's Hot Mess House and the Clutterbug YouTube channel, gives decluttering, organizing and cleaning advice with what she calls ADHD-friendly motivation. 323 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: The only home and organizing show holding a place on this chart all year, and a reminder that for a lot of people self-improvement starts with the kitchen table. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 27.8, best #16, charting in 24 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Anyone whose next improvement is physical: the house, the closet, the pile by the door.
Advice Shows Built on Listener Questions
#2. IMO with Michelle Obama and Craig Robinson
Hosted by Higher Ground
About this show: Michelle Obama and her older brother Craig Robinson answer listener dilemmas each week with a guest alongside them, covering dating, parenting, money and the more existential questions. 88 episodes from Higher Ground.
Why it made the list in 2026: An advice show hosted by two people who are not in the personal development business, which is why it sounds different from everything else near the top of this chart. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 5, best #4, charting in 69 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Listeners who want practical answers to ordinary life questions with humor attached.
#5. anything goes with emma chamberlain
Hosted by emma chamberlain
About this show: Emma Chamberlain records weekly, mostly from bed, about whatever is on her mind: philosophy one week, a story from ten years ago the next, sometimes advice and sometimes an interview. 446 episodes, with video on Spotify.
Why it made the list in 2026: Proof that this category is not only coaches and authors. It holds a top 100 place all year on personality and unstructured thinking out loud. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 21.8, best #14, charting in 73 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Younger listeners who want company and perspective rather than a program to follow.
#6. The Jefferson Fisher Podcast
Hosted by Civility Media
About this show: Trial lawyer Jefferson Fisher teaches communication: how to argue less, say the hard thing, and keep a conversation from going sideways. New episodes on Tuesdays, 89 so far, from Civility Media.
Why it made the list in 2026: The most narrowly focused show near the top of this chart. Each episode covers one skill, which is why the lessons transfer straight into a conversation you are having tomorrow. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 12.5, best #7, charting in 61 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Anyone whose real problem at work or at home is how the conversations go.
#11. The Sabrina Zohar Show
Hosted by The Sabrina Zohar Show
About this show: Sabrina Zohar's show, previously called Do The Work, covers modern dating, anxious attachment, dating burnout and the personal work that goes into building a relationship. 199 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: The strongest performer in the relationship corner of this category, and unusually direct about the patterns most dating shows flatter instead. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 27.3, best #19, charting in 35 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Anyone whose self-improvement project is really about how they show up with other people.
Long-Form Interviews on Growth and Performance
#4. The Rich Roll Podcast
Hosted by Rich Roll
About this show: Ultra-athlete and bestselling author Rich Roll runs long-form conversations with people working in health, nutrition, performance and personal change. The archive is past 985 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: One of the longest-running interview shows in the category and the one that most often brings in guests from outside the self-help world entirely. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 11.8, best #5, charting in 64 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Listeners who want a two-hour conversation on health and change, not a five-minute tip.
#9. Good Life Project
Hosted by Jonathan Fields / Acast
About this show: Jonathan Fields hosts honest conversations about building a life that fits, aimed at people navigating their 40s, 50s and beyond. The show says it has passed 100 million listens and views, and the feed runs past 1,000 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: The most focused of the long-form interview shows here, because it picked an audience in midlife reinvention and stayed with it instead of chasing every guest. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 15.8, best #8, charting in 29 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Listeners in the middle of a midlife reset who want depth rather than tactics.
#15. Makes Sense - with Dr. JC Doornick
Hosted by Dr. JC Doornick "The Dragon"
About this show: Dr. JC Doornick works through the questions that nag at people as they go about ordinary life, framed as curiosity and contemplation rather than instruction. 163 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: A high daily rank on a small international footprint, which is the profile of a show with a committed US audience rather than a broad one. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 7.3, best #4, charting in 5 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Listeners who would rather think out loud than be handed action steps.
#18. Living Your Legacy
Hosted by Rudy Mawer
About this show: Rudy Mawer hosts in-depth conversations with entrepreneurs about how they built their brands and businesses, the setbacks along the way, and what they learned about leadership, marketing and mindset. 126 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: Sits on the business side of self-improvement, closer to a founder interview show than to a personal development one, which is why it reaches a different listener than the rest of this group. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 11.5, best #5, charting in 3 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Founders who want the story and the mechanics in the same episode.
Reinvention, Midlife and Comebacks
#16. Becoming UnDone® with Dr. Toby Brooks
Hosted by Toby Brooks
About this show: Professor and performance researcher Dr. Toby Brooks talks with high achievers about hitting rock bottom: identity loss, burnout, and what people actually do next. 155 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: The clearest example on this list of failure treated as a subject in its own right rather than as the setup for a comeback speech. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 6.2, best #4, charting in 3 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Executives, athletes and leaders in the middle of a hard reset.
#19. The Tamsen Show
Hosted by Tamsen Fadal
About this show: Emmy-winning journalist and author Tamsen Fadal talks with doctors and other guests about midlife: hormones, health, reinvention and relationships, with perimenopause and menopause running through it. 72 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: The newest show on this list by episode count and already charting in every snapshot, which says something about how underserved its subject was. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 35, best #17, charting in 30 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Women in midlife who want medical detail and life planning in the same show.
#20. Women Road Warriors
Hosted by WomenRoadWarriors.com
About this show: Shelley Johnson and Kathy Tuccaro host a women's empowerment talk show with celebrity and expert interviews across careers, health and life on the road. 227 episodes.
Why it made the list in 2026: A conversation show with a clearly defined audience that holds its chart place without a big publisher behind it. Chart record: 24 of 24 US snapshots, average US rank 12.3, best #7, charting in 3 countries on the latest scrape.
Best fit for: Working women who want interviews aimed at them rather than at a general audience.
Rising This Month: Self-Improvement Podcasts Climbing the Charts (September 2026)
These are the self-improvement shows moving up fastest in CastFox rankings. We compare each show's average US chart position across the 3 most recent snapshots (2026-08-18 to 2026-09-08) with the 3 snapshots before that. A show that was outside the top 100 in the prior window is marked as new to the top 100. This section is refreshed every month; the main list above changes more slowly because it rewards consistency.
Law of Attraction SECRETS New to the top 100
Hosted by Natasha Graziano. Law of Attraction SECRETS new to the US top 100, now averaging #11.3, with a best US rank of #10 so far in 2026 and a top-100 position in 7 countries on the latest snapshot. Welcome to the Law of Attraction SECRETS podcast! I'm your host, Natasha Graziano. I'm SO excited to bring you the latest wisdom and neuroscience on how to manifest your goals in life and create abundance in wealth,...
How To Human Podcast New to the top 100
Hosted by Angie Leitnaker. How To Human Podcast new to the US top 100, now averaging #45.7, with a best US rank of #37 so far in 2026 and a top-100 position in 1 country on the latest snapshot. A place to come and get your cup filled up! Through the Sip & Soul Podcast, Angie invites guests to share their journeys, unearthing the raw and authentic tales that shape us. Topics range from the transformative power...
The Resurrection Room with Kelli Shaw New to the top 100
Hosted by Kelli Shaw. The Resurrection Room with Kelli Shaw new to the US top 100, now averaging #55.3, with a best US rank of #50 so far in 2026 and a top-100 position in 1 country on the latest snapshot. The Resurrection Room is a sacred space for the version of you that’s ready to rise. This podcast is for the person who’s tired of repeating patterns they don’t even like… but doesn’t know how to become someone...
The Season of Self Love New to the top 100
Hosted by Nyomi Banks. The Season of Self Love new to the US top 100, now averaging #57, with a best US rank of #53 so far in 2026 and a top-100 position in 1 country on the latest snapshot. Take a deep breath and get ready to embark on an extraordinary journey of self-discovery and healing. Welcome to "The Season of Self Love," hosted by Nyomi Banks. In this captivating podcast, join Nyomi as she delves...
Red Pill Shaman New to the top 100
Hosted by Kerry May Blaser. Red Pill Shaman new to the US top 100, now averaging #58.3, with a best US rank of #42 so far in 2026 and a top-100 position in 2 countries on the latest snapshot.
How We Ranked These: CastFox Methodology
CastFox scrapes the Apple Podcasts charts every day in 78 countries and stores every position in the top 200 of every genre. For this list we took the 24 2026 snapshots of the US Self-Improvement chart between 2026-02-24 and 2026-09-08, and scored every show that appeared in the top 100 of any of them.
- Consistency (50% of the score): the number of snapshots in which the show appeared in the US top 100. Every show on this list scored 24 out of 24, which is the filter that removes one-week spikes.
- Average US rank (30%): the mean of the show's US chart positions across those snapshots. Lower is better.
- Global reach (20%): the number of tracked countries in which the show was in the genre top 100 on the most recent snapshot. This is what separates a show with a large US following from a show with a global one.
There are no paid placements and no editorial overrides. A few shows on this list would not be our personal picks; they are here because the chart data put them here, and we would rather show you what people are actually listening to than what we think they should be. Chart position is not the same as audience size, so treat the ranking as a measure of sustained popularity rather than a download count. For a deeper look at what chart data can and cannot tell you, read how podcast audience demographics are calculated.
How to Pick the Right Self-Improvement Podcast for You
What are the best personal development podcasts for beginners?
Start with The Mel Robbins Podcast, which sat at rank 2 on the latest US snapshot and charts in all 78 countries we track, then add Life Kit when you want one specific problem solved and How to Be a Better Human when you want the idea to have a source behind it. The Jefferson Fisher Podcast is the easiest of the four to act on the same day, because every episode is built around one communication skill rather than a philosophy.
Best productivity podcasts 2026: which ones actually change what you get done?
Life Kit is the closest thing this category has to a reference library, with a feed past 1,000 episodes and an average US rank of 11.3 across our 2026 snapshots. Clutterbug is the pick when the thing blocking you is physical rather than mental, and SOLVED with Mark Manson is the one that will pick apart a productivity system instead of selling you one. None of the three run on motivation, which is why they hold up on a bad week.
What are the best motivational podcasts for the morning?
Four shows on this list are built for exactly that slot. Mick Unplugged averaged rank 1.0 on the US chart this year, the highest daily position in the category, and runs short episodes on finding your driving reason. The Jamie Kern Lima Show averaged 3.1 and is about self-belief, THE ED MYLETT SHOW brings in peak performers from business and sport, and The Mel Robbins Podcast is the one to start with if you want the motivation attached to a specific action.
What are the best habit and mindset podcasts?
SOLVED with Mark Manson takes one life problem a week and works through the evidence, The Mel Robbins Podcast turns research into something you can try today, and How to Be a Better Human pulls a clear takeaway out of every conversation. If your interest in habits is really about rebuilding after a setback, Becoming UnDone with Dr. Toby Brooks covers identity loss and burnout directly and averaged rank 6.2 in the US this year.
What are the best self improvement podcasts for men?
Apple does not split its charts by audience, so treat this as a question about subject matter. The shows here that lean toward performance, leadership and comeback stories are THE ED MYLETT SHOW, Mick Unplugged, The Rich Roll Podcast and Becoming UnDone with Dr. Toby Brooks. Mick Unplugged holds the highest average US rank in the whole category at 1.0, and The Rich Roll Podcast has the deepest archive of the four at 985 episodes.
What are the best self improvement podcasts for women?
Go by what the shows say about themselves. Women Road Warriors describes itself as a women's empowerment talk show, The Tamsen Show is built around midlife health, perimenopause and reinvention, and The Sabrina Zohar Show covers dating, attachment and the work underneath both. The Jamie Kern Lima Show, hosted by the founder of IT Cosmetics, is the highest placed of that group and averaged rank 3.1 in the US this year.
Want the next 180 self-improvement podcasts?
This list is the top 20. The CastFox Self-Improvement chart page shows the top 50 updated daily, and PodcastGPT can find shows on any specific topic across 5M+ podcasts.
See the daily top 50 → Search by topic →Frequently Asked Questions About the Best Self-Improvement Podcasts
What is the best self improvement podcast in 2026?
By CastFox's chart score, The Mel Robbins Podcast is the best self improvement podcast of 2026. It appeared in all 24 US snapshots between February 24 and September 8, 2026, averaged rank 2.0, and charted in all 78 countries we track, more than any other show in the category. Mick Unplugged has the better average US rank at 1.0, but it charted in four countries on the latest scrape against Mel Robbins's 78.
How is this list ranked?
Each show's score combines three things from CastFox's Apple Podcasts chart data: how many of the 24 US Self-Improvement snapshots taken between February 24 and September 8, 2026 it appeared in (50% of the score), its average US rank across those appearances (30%), and how many of the 78 tracked countries it charted in on the latest scrape (20%). There are no paid placements and no editorial overrides.
How many self improvement podcasts chart in the US in a year?
287 different shows passed through the US Apple Podcasts Self-Improvement top 100 across the 24 snapshots we took between February 24 and September 8, 2026. Only 32 of them appeared in every snapshot and 68 appeared in exactly one. That gap is the reason we rank on consistency across the whole window instead of on a single day's chart.
Are these self improvement podcasts free?
Yes. All 20 main feeds are free on Apple Podcasts, Spotify and the other major apps. A few sell an extra tier on top of the free feed: The Mel Robbins Podcast offers ad-free episodes through SiriusXM Podcasts+, and NPR sells Life Kit+ with sponsor-free listening and curated playlists. Nothing on this list charges for the regular episodes.
Which self improvement podcasts are growing fastest right now?
Law of Attraction SECRETS is the biggest mover in our September window. It was outside the US top 100 in the three snapshots before and averaged rank 11.3 across the three most recent ones. How to Touch Grass climbed from an average of 67.7 to 29.7 over the same period, Heal Squad x Maria Menounos moved from 95.0 to 63.0, and How To Human Podcast, The Resurrection Room with Kelli Shaw and The Season of Self Love are all new to the top 100. The Rising This Month section above has the full set.